Literature

Bitcoin was not forged in a vacuum. These works serve to contextualize Bitcoin into the broader story of cryptography and freedom.

Title	Formats	Author	Date
"Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System"	HTML PDF Link	Satoshi Nakamoto	October 31, 2008
"b-money"	HTML txt Link	Wei Dai	November 1998
"Design of a Secure Timestamping Service with Minimal Trust Requirements"	PDF Link	Jean-Jacques Quisquater, Henri Massias, and Xavier Serret-Avila	May 1999
"How to Time-Stamp a Digital Document"		Stuart Haber and W. Scott Stornetta	1991
"Improving the Efficiency and Reliability of Digital Time-Stamping"		Dave Bayer, Stuart Haber, and W. Scott Stornetta	March 1992
"Secure Names for Bit-Strings"	PDF	Stuart Haber and W. Scott Stornetta	April 1997
"Hashcash - A Denial of Service Counter-Measure"	PDF Link	Adam Back	August 1, 2002
"Protocols for Public Key Cryptosystems"		Ralph C. Merkle	April 1978
An Introduction to Probability Theory and Its Applications, Vol. I		William Feller	1957
"The Crypto Anarchist Manifesto"	HTML Link	Timothy C. May	1988
"The Cyphernomicon"	txt	Timothy C. May	September 10, 1994
"Crypto Anarchy and Virtual Communities"	HTML	Timothy C. May	December 1994
"Formalizing and Securing Relationships on Public Networks"	HTML Link	Nick Szabo	1997
"A Formal Language for Analyzing Contracts"	HTML Link	Nick Szabo	2002
"Secure Property Titles with Owner Authority"	HTML Link	Nick Szabo	1998
"Trusted Third Parties are Security Holes"	HTML Link	Nick Szabo	2001
"Contracts with Bearer"	HTML Link	Nick Szabo	1999
"The God Protocols"	HTML Link	Nick Szabo	1999
"Multinational Small Business"	HTML Link	Nick Szabo	1993
"Shelling Out: The Origins of Money"	HTML Link	Nick Szabo	2002
"Untraceable Electronic Mail, Return Addresses, and Digital Pseudonyms"	PDF	David Chaum	1988
"Blind Signatures for Untraceable Payments"		David Chaum	1982
"The Dining Cryptographers Problem: Unconditional Sender and Recipient Untraceability"		David Chaum	1988
"New Directions in Cryptography"		Whitfield Diffie and Martin E. Hellman	November 1976
"A Method for Obtaining Digital Signatures and Public-key Cryptosystems"	PDF Link	Ronald L. Rivest, Leonard M. Adleman, and Adi Shamir	February 1978
"Proofs that Yield Nothing But Their Validity or All Languages in NP Have Zero-Knowledge Proof Systems"	PDF Link	Oded Goldreich, Avi Wigderson, and Silvio Micali	July 1991
"Secure Communications over Insecure Channels"	PDF Link	Ralph C. Merkle	April 1978
"The Ricardian Contract"	HTML Link	Ian Grigg	July 6, 2004
"Triple Entry Accounting"	HTML Link	Ian Grigg	December 25, 2005
"Truledger in Plain English"	HTML Link	Bill St. Clair	2008
"A Cypherpunk's Manifesto"	HTML txt	Eric Hughes	March 9, 1993
"State and Terrorist Conspiracies & Conspiracy as Governance"	PDF	Julian Assange	December 3, 2006
The Art of Unix Programming	PDF Link	Eric S. Raymond	2003
The Theory of Money and Credit	PDF ePub Link	Ludwig von Mises	1953
Deflation and Liberty	PDF ePub Link	Jörg Guido Hülsmann	2008
Money, Bank Credit, and Economic Cycles (Third Edition)	PDF ePub Link	Jesús Huerta de Soto	2012
Denationalisation of Money: The Argument Refined	PDF ePub Link	Friedrich A. Hayek	1978
Against Intellectual Property	PDF ePub Link	N. Stephan Kinsella	2008
Against Intellectual Monopoly	PDF Link	Michele Boldrin and David K. Levine	2008
"The Right to Read: A Dystopian Short Story"	HTML Link	Richard M. Stallman	February 1997
"Areopagitica: A Speech for the Liberty of Unlicensed Printing to the Parliament of England"	HTML Link	John Milton	1644
"The libbitcoin Manifesto"	HTML PDF Link	Amir Taaki	September 23, 2013
"Bit Gold"	HTML Link	Nick Szabo	December 29, 2005
"Libertaria in Cyberspace"	HTML	Timothy C. May	September 1, 1992
"Crypto Glossary"	HTML txt	Timothy C. May and Eric Hughes	November 22, 1992
"Detecting Double Spending"	HTML Link	Hal Finney	October 15, 1993
"The Cathedral and the Bazaar"	HTML Link	Eric S. Raymond	2000
"Micropayments and Mental Transaction Costs"	HTML PDF Link	Nick Szabo	May 1999
"Lucre: Anonymous Electronic Tokens v1.8"	PDF Link	Ben Laurie	October 30, 2008
"Advances in Distributed Security"	HTML Link	Nick Szabo	2003
"Online Cash Checks"	HTML Link	David Chaum	1989
"Why I Wrote PGP"	HTML Link	Philip R. Zimmermann	1991
"Measuring Value"	HTML Link	Nick Szabo	2002
"From Crossbows To Cryptography: Techno-Thwarting The State"	HTML PDF	Chuck Hammill	November 1987
"Financial Cryptography in 7 Layers"	HTML Link	Ian Grigg	2000
"The Playdough Protocols"	HTML Link	Nick Szabo	2002
"Capability-based Financial Instruments"	PDF Link	Mark S. Miller, Chip Morningstar, and Bill Frantz	2000
"Contracts in Cyberspace"	Link	David D. Friedman	May 4, 2000
"Digital Cash & Privacy"	HTML	Hal Finney	August 19, 1993
"From Imperial China to Cyberspace: Contracting Without the State"	Link	David D. Friedman	2005
"Bitcoin and Me"	HTML Link	Hal Finney	March 19, 2013
"The Byzantine Generals Problem"	PDF Link	Leslie Lamport, Robert Shostak, and Marshall Pease	July 1982
"Implementing Fault-Tolerant Services Using the State Machine Approach: A Tutorial"	PDF Link	Fred B. Schneider	December 1990
"Intrapolynomial Cryptography"	HTML Link	Nick Szabo	1999
"RPOW - Reusable Proofs of Work"	HTML Link	Hal Finney	August 15, 2004
"On Digital Cash-Like Payment Systems"	PDF Link	Daniel A. Nagy	2005
"Reflections on Trusting Trust"	PDF Link	Ken Thompson	August 1984
"Negative Reputations"	HTML Link	Nick Szabo	1996
"The Sybil Attack"	PDF Link	John R. Douceur	2002
"Improving Time Stamping Schemes: A Distributed Point of View"	PDF Link	Alexis Bonnecaze, Kaouther Blibech, Pierre Liardet, and Alban Gabillon	2002
"PGP Web of Trust Misconceptions"	HTML Link	Hal Finney	March 30, 1994
"Scarce Objects"	HTML Link	Nick Szabo	2004
"The Geodesic Market"	HTML PDF Link	Robert Hettinga	April 1998 through December 1999
"A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace"	HTML Link	John Perry Barlow	February 8, 1996
"Smart Contracts Glossary"	HTML Link	Nick Szabo	1995
"For-Pay Remailers"	HTML Link	Hal Finney	October 28, 1994
"Politics vs Technology"	HTML Link	Hal Finney	January 2, 1994
"The Case for Privacy"	HTML Link	David D. Friedman	2005
"Computer Systems Established, Maintained, and Trusted by Mutually Suspicious Groups"	PDF Link	David Chaum	June 1982
"Money, Blockchains, and Social Scalability"	HTML Link	Nick Szabo	February 9, 2017
"The Idea of Smart Contracts"	HTML Link	Nick Szabo	1997
"Secrecy, Authentication, and Public Key Systems"	PDF Link	Ralph C. Merkle	June 1979
"Cyberspace, Crypto Anarchy, and Pushing Limits"	HTML txt Link	Timothy C. May	April 3, 1994
The Ethics of Money Production	PDF ePub Link	Jörg Guido Hülsmann	2008
On the Origins of Money	PDF ePub Link	Carl Menger	1892
What Has Government Done to Our Money?	PDF ePub Link	Murray N. Rothbard	1963
Human Action: A Treatise on Economics	PDF ePub Link	Ludwig von Mises	1949
"Confidential Auditing"	HTML Link	Nick Szabo	1998
The Mystery of Banking	PDF ePub Link	Murray N. Rothbard	1983
The Machinery of Freedom (2nd Edition)	PDF ePub mobi Link	David D. Friedman	1989
"Proplets: Devices for Controlling Property"	HTML Link	Nick Szabo	2001
A History of Money and Banking in the United States: The Colonial Era to World War II	PDF ePub Link	Murray N. Rothbard	2002
"P2P Filename Integrity"	HTML Link	Nick Szabo	2005
"How is Fiat Money Possible?—or, The Devolution of Money and Credit"	HTML PDF Link	Hans-Hermann Hoppe	1994
"Credit With Privity"	HTML Link	Nick Szabo	1996
"'The Yield from Money Held' Reconsidered"	HTML Link	Hans-Hermann Hoppe	April 24, 2009
"Distributing Authorities and Verifying Their Claims"	HTML Link	Nick Szabo	1997
"Banking, Nation States, and International Politics: A Sociological Reconstruction of the Present Economic Order"	HTML PDF Link	Hans-Hermann Hoppe	1990
Principles of Economics	PDF ePub Link	Carl Menger	1871
Man, Economy, and State, with Power and Market	PDF ePub Link	Murray N. Rothbard	1962
"Designing Trusted Services with Group Controls"	HTML Link	Nick Szabo	2000
"A Measure of Sacrifice"	HTML Link	Nick Szabo	2002
"Pricing via Processing or Combatting Junk Mail"	Link	Moni Naor and Cynthia Dwork	1993
"Smart Contracts"	HTML Link	Nick Szabo	1994
"Smart Liens"	HTML Link	Nick Szabo	1994